Reference
Research peptide guides
Clear, science-led explanations written for researchers. What each compound is, what the published literature examines, and how the paperwork works. Every guide is framed for in-vitro laboratory research use only.
Start here · 7 min read
What are research peptides?
A plain introduction to peptide chemistry, how research peptides are made, and why laboratories use them as tools to study cell signalling.
Read the guide
CompoundsWhat is NAD+?
NAD+ is a redox coenzyme, not a peptide: how it works in cellular chemistry, why sirtuins, PARPs and CD38 rely on it, and how it is supplied as a research compound.
9 MIN READ
CompoundsWhat is BPC-157?
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a sequence found in gastric juice: its structure, sequence, and the research pathways it is studied in.
6 MIN READ
CompoundsWhat is TB-500?
TB-500 is a synthetic peptide related to thymosin beta-4, studied for its actin-binding activity and role in cell migration research.
9 MIN READ
CompoundsWhat is GHK-Cu?
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper tripeptide studied in extracellular matrix and gene-expression research literature: its structure, chemistry and study areas.
10 MIN READ
CompoundsWhat is KPV?
KPV is the tripeptide fragment Lys-Pro-Val, derived from alpha-MSH, studied in inflammatory-signalling literature as a minimal active sequence.
5 MIN READ
CompoundsBPC-157 vs TB-500: how the two compounds compare
A side-by-side comparison of BPC-157 and TB-500: origin, length, the mechanisms each is studied for, and why they are commonly formulated together.
6 MIN READ
CompoundsGLOW vs KLOW vs WOLVERINE: peptide blends compared
Exact compositions of the GLOW, KLOW and WOLVERINE research pens, what each compound is studied for in the published literature, how the blend names vary between sellers, and where each certificate stands.
9 MIN READ
CompoundsWhat is a peptide blend? How to read blend labels and COAs
How to read a peptide blend label: what 10/10 means, total mg versus mg of each compound, mg per ml, why ratios differ between sellers, and what a certificate of analysis must show for a blend.
7 MIN READ- Compounds
Is NAD+ a peptide? What NAD+ actually is
NAD+ is not a peptide. It is a dinucleotide coenzyme built from two nucleotides, with no amino acids. This guide covers its structure, why it is sold alongside peptides, and how it behaves in solution.
7 MIN READ - Compounds
NAD+ vs NMN vs NADH: structure, research and legal status
How NAD+, NMN and NADH differ in structure and role in the NAD+ metabolome, how oral and injectable forms appear in research, and where NMN stands with the US FDA and EU novel food rules in 2026.
9 MIN READ - Compounds
Do peptides expire? Peptide shelf life and stability explained
How long research peptides keep, why freeze-dried powder outlasts solutions, the temperature bands on labels, light and oxidation, how pre-filled cartridges are handled, and what published data say about BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, KPV and NAD+.
9 MIN READ - Compounds
Thymosin beta-4: structure, research and legal status (2026)
Thymosin beta-4 is a 43-amino-acid actin-binding peptide found in most human cells. Its identity data, how it was discovered, what has been studied in cell, animal and human models, trial status and where it stands with the FDA, MHRA, TGA and WADA in 2026.
9 MIN READ - Compounds
MOTS-c peptide: structure, research and legal status (2026)
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Its identity data, discovery in 2015, what has been studied in cell, animal and human samples, the July 2026 FDA advisory review and its WADA status.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
Epitalon peptide: structure, research and legal status (2026)
Epitalon (Epithalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, developed in Russia in the late 1980s. Its identity data, origin, the cell and animal work on telomerase and the pineal gland, the July 2026 FDA advisory review and its status with the MHRA, TGA and WADA.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
SS-31 (elamipretide): structure, research and FDA status (2026)
SS-31, now known as elamipretide, is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that became the first FDA-approved treatment for Barth syndrome in September 2025 under accelerated approval. Its identity data, origin, research by model, trial IDs and regulatory status.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
LL-37 peptide: structure, research and legal status (2026)
LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, a 37-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide cut from the hCAP18 precursor. Its identity data, discovery, research by model, registered trials and regulatory status in 2026.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
AHK-Cu peptide: structure, research and legal status (2026)
AHK-Cu is a copper(II) complex of the synthetic tripeptide Ala-His-Lys, a close analogue of GHK-Cu. Its identity data, how it relates to GHK-Cu, the limited published research, regulatory status and handling notes.
7 MIN READ - Compounds
Selank and Semax: structure, research and legal status (2026)
Selank and Semax are synthetic heptapeptides developed in Russia, both ending in Pro-Gly-Pro. Their identity data side by side, origins, research by model, the July 2026 FDA review of Semax and their status with the MHRA, TGA and WADA.
9 MIN READ - Compounds
Thymosin beta-4 vs TB-500: what is the difference? (2026)
Thymosin beta-4 is a natural 43-amino-acid peptide; TB-500 is a synthetic 7-amino-acid acetylated fragment of it. A side-by-side comparison of identity, research, trials and regulation, why the two are confused, and which Celyfe pens contain TB-500.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
BPC-157 vs KPV: structure, research and differences (2026)
BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid fragment of a gastric protein; KPV is a 3-amino-acid fragment of alpha-MSH. A side-by-side comparison of identity, research models and 2026 regulatory status, why they get grouped together, and which Celyfe pens contain each.
8 MIN READ - Compounds
GHK-Cu vs AHK-Cu: copper peptides compared (2026)
GHK-Cu and AHK-Cu are copper(II) complexes of tripeptides that differ by one amino acid. A side-by-side comparison of identity, origin, research depth and regulatory status, why they are mixed up, and which Celyfe pens contain GHK-Cu.
7 MIN READ - Compounds
BPC-157 acetate vs free base vs arginate: salt forms (2026)
BPC-157 is sold as a free base, an acetate salt and an arginine salt (arginate). What differs chemically between them, what the FDA's July 2026 review said about free base and acetate, what the arginate patents claim, and how Celyfe documents the BPC-157 in the WOLVERINE Pen.
9 MIN READ - Compounds
Peptide Storage Chart: Fridge, Freezer and Room-Temperature Data (2026)
Published storage data for 10 research compounds and the pre-filled pen format in one table. Supplier data quoted by the FDA put lyophilised BPC-157 at 3 weeks at room temperature and BPC-157 in solution at 2-3 weeks at 4 °C; KPV powder at up to 3 years at -20 °C; the approved elamipretide (SS-31) vial at 2 to 8 °C, 8 days after opening. Thymosin beta-4 and LL-37 have no published stability data.
7 MIN READ - Compounds
Peptide Half-Life Chart: BPC-157 5-15 Minutes in Animals, Most With No Human Data (2026)
Reported half-lives for 10 research compounds, each with species, route and PubMed source. BPC-157: 15.2 minutes in rats and 5.3 minutes in dogs after IV dosing. Recombinant thymosin beta-4: 0.5 to 2.08 hours in healthy volunteers. No published half-life for GHK-Cu, KPV, epitalon or LL-37, and no human half-life for BPC-157, TB-500, KPV, MOTS-c or epitalon.
6 MIN READ